Objectives. To determine the frequency of overweight and obesity in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels in school students in 4 districts of the central region of Peru, and to analyze the relations among these variables. Materials and methods. Weight, height and CRF were evaluated in 7841 school students who reside in four districts located on the coast, in the highlands and in the jungle of the central region of the country. Overweight and obesity were classified according to the criteria proposed by Cole. CRF was evaluated by a 12-minute run/walk test taken from the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance’s test battery. ANOVA and logistic regression were used to examine the differences of the averages and the associations among these variables. Results. Both male and female school students have similar frequency of overweight and obesity (20.9% in women and 20.1% in men). Residents of the coast (Barranco) presen thigh frequency of overweight and obesity (37.8%). Age, sex, geographical area and CRF were significant predictors of overweight and obesity. School students who live in Barranco are five times more likely to be obese (OR=4.67; CI95%: 3.55-6.14), while those who reside in the highlands (Junin) are less likely to be obese (OR=0.03; CI95%: 0.01-0.20). Furthermore, in contrast with students with high CRF, those with low CRF are more likely to be obese (OR=11.82; CI95%: 7.25-19.27). Conclusions. There was a high frequency of overweight and obesity among school students who reside in Barranco. Low CRF is associated with overweight and obesity

Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia del sobrepeso y obesidad, en función a los niveles de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (AptCR) en escolares de cuatro distritos de la región central del Perú, y analizar la asociación entre estas variables. Materiales y métodos. El peso, altura y la AptCR fueron evaluados en 7841 escolares que residen en cuatro distritos ubicados en la costa, sierra y selva de la región central del Perú. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron clasificados según los criterios propuestos por Cole. La AptCR fue evaluada mediante la prueba de correr/caminar de doce minutos de la batería de la American Alliance for Health, Recreation and Dance. Se utilizó el ANOVA y la regresión logística para examinar las diferencias de las medias y asociaciones entre estas variables. Resultados. Escolares de ambos sexos presentan frecuencias semejantes de sobrepeso y obesidad (20,9% en mujeres y 20,1% en varones). Residentes en la costa (Barranco) manifiestan elevadas frecuencias de sobrepeso y obesidad (37,8%). La edad, el sexo, área geográfica y la AptCR fueron predictores significativos para el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Escolares que viven en Barranco tienen cinco veces más probabilidades de ser obesos (OR=4,67; IC95%: 3,55-6,14); los que residen en la sierra (Junín) tienen una menor probabilidad de ser obesos (OR=0,03; IC95%: 0,01-0,20); y quienes muestran una baja AptCR tienen una mayor probabilidad de ser obesos (OR=11 ,82; IC95%: 7,25-19,27), en comparación con aquellos con alta AptCR. Conclusiones. Los escolares que residen en Barranco presentan frecuencias de sobrepeso y obesidad elevados. Una baja AptCR está asociada al desarrollo del sobrepeso y la obesidad

Objectives. To determine the frequency of overweight and obesity in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels in school students in 4 districts of the central region of Peru, and to analyze the relations among these variables. Materials and methods. Weight, height and CRF were evaluated in 7841 school students who reside in four districts located on the coast, in the highlands and in the jungle of the central region of the country. Overweight and obesity were classified according to the criteria proposed by Cole. CRF was evaluated by a 12-minute run/walk test taken from the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance’s test battery. ANOVA and logistic regression were used to examine the differences of the averages and the associations among these variables. Results. Both male and female school students have similar frequency of overweight and obesity (20.9% in women and 20.1% in men). Residents of the coast (Barranco) presen thigh frequency of overweight and obesity (37.8%). Age, sex, geographical area and CRF were significant predictors of overweight and obesity. School students who live in Barranco are five times more likely to be obese (OR=4.67; CI95%: 3.55-6.14), while those who reside in the highlands (Junin) are less likely to be obese (OR=0.03; CI95%: 0.01-0.20). Furthermore, in contrast with students with high CRF, those with low CRF are more likely to be obese (OR=11.82; CI95%: 7.25-19.27). Conclusions. There was a high frequency of overweight and obesity among school students who reside in Barranco. Low CRF is associated with overweight and obesity

Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia del sobrepeso y obesidad, en función a los niveles de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (AptCR) en escolares de cuatro distritos de la región central del Perú, y analizar la asociación entre estas variables. Materiales y métodos. El peso, altura y la AptCR fueron evaluados en 7841 escolares que residen en cuatro distritos ubicados en la costa, sierra y selva de la región central del Perú. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron clasificados según los criterios propuestos por Cole. La AptCR fue evaluada mediante la prueba de correr/caminar de doce minutos de la batería de la American Alliance for Health, Recreation and Dance. Se utilizó el ANOVA y la regresión logística para examinar las diferencias de las medias y asociaciones entre estas variables. Resultados. Escolares de ambos sexos presentan frecuencias semejantes de sobrepeso y obesidad (20,9% en mujeres y 20,1% en varones). Residentes en la costa (Barranco) manifiestan elevadas frecuencias de sobrepeso y obesidad (37,8%). La edad, el sexo, área geográfica y la AptCR fueron predictores significativos para el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Escolares que viven en Barranco tienen cinco veces más probabilidades de ser obesos (OR=4,67; IC95%: 3,55-6,14); los que residen en la sierra (Junín) tienen una menor probabilidad de ser obesos (OR=0,03; IC95%: 0,01-0,20); y quienes muestran una baja AptCR tienen una mayor probabilidad de ser obesos (OR=11 ,82; IC95%: 7,25-19,27), en comparación con aquellos con alta AptCR. Conclusiones. Los escolares que residen en Barranco presentan frecuencias de sobrepeso y obesidad elevados. Una baja AptCR está asociada al desarrollo del sobrepeso y la obesidad

Background: Populations living at high altitudes have a small delay in linear physical growth. These differences are attributed to hypoxia as well as to socioeconomic, nutritional and environmental factors. Objectives: To compare physical growth of school children in Peruvian urban areas at sea level (150 meters above sea level) and moderate altitude (2 320 m.a.s.l.). Design: Ex post facto design, descriptive comparative study. Institution: Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil, and Universidad Nacional de Educacion, Lima, Peru. Participants: School children. Interventions: A total of 1 153 boys and girls aged 6 to 11 years were selected from two Peruvian geographical regions, one at sea level (SL) (Lima-East; 150 m.a.s.l.) and the other at moderate altitude (MA) (urban Southern Arequipa; 2 320 m.a.s.l.). School children at SL were chosen in non-probabilistic intentional way, totaling a subsample of 672 children. Pupils at moderate altitude (MA) were selected by stratified probability, resulting in 792 children from a total of 5 627 school children. Decimal osmolality and body mass and height, variables of physical growth, were assessed. Results were analyzed using arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (SD) and percentile distribution. ‘T’ student test was used to compare groups, and independent samples (p <0.001) and distributions (p5, p10, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90 and p95) were compared according to the fraction 100 log (percentile of the reference/percentile calculated). Main outcome measures: Body mass and height growth. Results: Children of both genders and all ages at sea level had higher body mass in relation to children at moderate altitude. However, height did not differ significantly, with similar growth behavior at ages 6 to 11. Conclusions: These findings suggest that moderate altitude hypoxic stress does not affect stature growth in Arequipa’s (2 320 m.a.s.l.) school children. Children at sea level had a tendency to overweight and obesity.

Introducción: Las poblaciones que habitan en altitudes elevadas presentan un pequeño retardo en el crecimiento físico lineal. Esta diferencia es atribuida al fenómeno de la hipoxia, así como a factores socioeconómicos, nutricionales y medio-ambientales. Objetivo: Comparar el crecimiento físico de niños escolares peruanos de zonas urbanas del nivel del mar (150 msnm) y de altitud moderada (2 320 msnm). Diseño: Estudio descriptivo/comparativo, diseño ex post facto. Institución: Facultad de Educación Física, Universidad estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil; y Universidad Nacional de Educación, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Escolares. Intervenciones: Se seleccionó un total de 1 153 escolares de 6 a 11 años, de ambos géneros, procedentes de dos regiones geográficas del Perú, siendo uno de nivel del mar (NM) (Lima Este; 150 msnm) y la otra de altitud moderada (AM) (Arequipa Sur; 2 320 msnm). La selección de los escolares del NM fue de forma no-probabilística intencional, totalizando una sub-muestra de 672 niños. Los escolares de altitud moderada, escogidos de manera probabilística estratificada, estuvieron representados por 792 niños, de un total de 5 627 escolares. Se evaluó la edad y las variables de crecimiento físico de masa corporal y estatura. Los resultados fueron analizados utilizando la media aritmética (X), desviación estándar (DE) y distribución percentilar. Para comparar los grupos, se usó la prueba de t student para muestras independientes (p<0,001), y las distribuciones de p5, p10, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90 y p95 fueron comparadas de acuerdo con la fracción 100 log (percentil de la referencia/percentil calculado). Principales medidas de resultados: Crecimiento de masa corporal y estatura. Resultados: Los niños de ambos géneros y de todas las edades del NM presentaron mayor masa corporal en relación a los niños de AM. Sin embargo, respecto a la estatura, no hubo diferencias significativas, presentando similar comportamiento de crecimiento desde los 6 hasta los 11 años. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos sugieren que el grado de estrés hipóxico en la altitud moderada no afectaría el crecimiento en estatura de niños escolares de Arequipa (2 320 msnm). A su vez, los niños a nivel del mar presentaron tendencia al sobrepeso y obesidad.

Objectives. Construct percentile charts and physical fitness (PF) reference values stratified by age and sex of children and adolescents from Peru’s central region. Materials and methods. The sample was comprised of 7,843 subjects (4,155 females and 3,688 males) between the ages of 6 to 17 years old. Physical fitness was assessed using six tests developed by EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM and AAPHERD. Percentile charts were developed separately for males and females using the LMS method calculated with LMSchartmaker software. Results. Males showed higher PF values with the exception of flexibility; a clear increase in PF with increasing age was verified. Conclusions. Inter-individual variability in both sexes is substantial. Charts and specific reference values by age and sex may be used for the assessment and interpretation of children’s and adolescents’ PF levels in Peru’s central region. These findings may be of help to educators, public health professionals, parents, and policy-makers when assessing schools’ physical education programs.

Objetivos. Establecer cartas percentílicas y valores de referencia estratificada por edad y sexo de los niveles de aptitud física (AF) en niños y adolescentes de la región central del Perú. Materiales y métodos. El tamaño de la muestra comprendió a 7843 escolares (4155 mujeres y 3688 varones) entre los seis y los diecisiete años de edad. Los niveles de aptitud física fueron evaluados mediante el uso de seis pruebas motoras provenientes de las baterías EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM y AAPHERD. Las cartas percentílicas fueron construidas por separado para cada sexo, utilizando el método matemático LMS implementado en el programa LMSchartmaker. Resultados. Se verifica valores superiores de AF en los varones, a excepción de la prueba de flexibilidad; la AF incrementa con la edad. Conclusiones. Existe variabilidad interindividual en ambos sexos. Los valores de referencia específicos por edad y sexo pueden utilizarse para la evaluación e interpretación de los niveles de AF de niños y adolescentes de la región central del Perú. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar en la evaluación de programas de educación física en las escuelas.

Objectives. Construct percentile charts and physical fitness (PF) reference values stratified by age and sex of children and adolescents from Peru’s central region. Materials and methods. The sample was comprised of 7,843 subjects (4,155 females and 3,688 males) between the ages of 6 to 17 years old. Physical fitness was assessed using six tests developed by EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM and AAPHERD. Percentile charts were developed separately for males and females using the LMS method calculated with LMSchartmaker software. Results. Males showed higher PF values with the exception of flexibility; a clear increase in PF with increasing age was verified. Conclusions. Inter-individual variability in both sexes is substantial. Charts and specific reference values by age and sex may be used for the assessment and interpretation of children’s and adolescents’ PF levels in Peru’s central region. These findings may be of help to educators, public health professionals, parents, and policy-makers when assessing schools’ physical education programs

Objetivos. Establecer cartas percentílicas y valores de referencia estratificada por edad y sexo de los niveles de aptitud física (AF) en niños y adolescentes de la región central del Perú. Materiales y métodos. El tamaño de la muestra comprendió a 7843 escolares (4155 mujeres y 3688 varones) entre los seis y los diecisiete años de edad. Los niveles de aptitud física fueron evaluados mediante el uso de seis pruebas motoras provenientes de las baterías EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM y AAPHERD. Las cartas percentílicas fueron construidas por separado para cada sexo, utilizando el método matemático LMS implementado en el programa LMSchartmaker. Resultados. Se verifica valores superiores de AF en los varones, a excepción de la prueba de flexibilidad; la AF incrementa con la edad. Conclusiones. Existe variabilidad interindividual en ambos sexos. Los valores de referencia específicos por edad y sexo pueden utilizarse para la evaluación e interpretación de los niveles de AF de niños y adolescentes de la región central del Perú. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar en la evaluación de programas de educación física en las escuelas

Este estudo é percorrido por três principais objetivos: 1) caracterizar o desenvolvimento modal e as diferenças inter-individuais da coordenação motora; 2) verificar a existência de um efeito associado ao gênero; 3) testar a relevância de preditores do desenvolvimento da Coordenação motora (CoM) tais como o IMC e os níveis de Atividade Física. A amostra é constituída de 285 crianças (143 meninos e 142 meninas). A coordenação motora foi determinada a partir da bateria de testes KTK (Equilíbrio em deslocamento para trás, Saltos laterais, Saltos monopedais e Transposição lateral). O questionário de Godin e Shephard (1985) foi utilizado para avaliar a Atividade Física. As estatísticas descritivas básicas foram calculadas no SPSS 15. A mudança intra-individual e as diferenças inter-sujeitos foram efetuadas no programa estatístico HLM, versão 6. É visível um incremento dos valores médios, em ambos os sexos, para as todas as provas do KTK, bem como do IMC e o dos níveis de Atividade Física. Os melhores resultados foram observados nas crianças que estavam no 1º quartil do IMC e no 3º da Atividade Física. Os resultados reafirmam a necessidade de uma estrutura didático-metodologica das aulas de Educação Física para que as crianças alcancem níveis adequados de coordenação para sua idade

This study aims at: 1) describing models for developmental changes and interindividual differences in gross motor coordination (CoM); 2) verify the presence of gender effects; 3) and test the importance of BMI and physical activity level in motor coordination (CoM) development. Sample size comprises 285 children (143 boys and 142 girls). Motor coordination was evaluated with the test battery "Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder" (KTK) consisting of four tests: backward balance (ER), jumping sideways (SL), hopping on one leg (SM), and shifting platforms (TL). Godin and Shephard's questionnaire was used to evaluate children's physical activity level. Basic statistics were computed in SPSS. Intraindividual changes and interindividual differences were estimated within the framework of multilevel modeling using the HLM software, version 6. Mean significant changes were noticed on both genders in CoM, BMI and physical activity. Best CoM values were found for children in the 1st quartile of BMI and 3rd quartile of physical activity. These results call for a closer attention to novel approaches of didactical issues in the preparation of physical education classes, so that all children may achieve adequate levels of success according to their age

Objectivo: Construir cartas centílicas e respectiva distribuição de valores da Coordenação Motora em crianças açorianas dos 6 aos 11 anos segundo o género e idade. Metodologia: A amostra é constituída por 2359 meninas e 2365 meninos da Região Autónoma dos Açores. A Coordenação Motora foi avaliada através da bateria KTK, que compreende quatro provas: equilíbrio à retaguarda, saltos laterais, saltos monopedais e transposição lateral. As estatísticas descritivas básicas foram calculadas no SPSS 15. os centis foram estimados pelo método da máxima verosimilhança no software LMS versão 1.32 e as cartas centílicas construídas no Excell. Resultados: Em todas as provas da bateria de testes KTK, para ambos os sexos, é visível um incremento do desempenho quer dos valores médios quer para categorias extremas de performance, seja o P3 ou P10, ou ainda os P90 e P97, não obstante uma forte variação em cada valor discreto de idade e sexo. Conclusões: Com base nos valores centílicos do desempenho da Coordenação Motora pode traçar-se perfis configuracionais e interpretar-se o seu significado relativamente ao que é esperado para uma dada idade e ano de escolaridade. Discorre daqui o contributo deste estudo em termos pedagógicos para a disciplina de Actividade Física e Desportiva no 1º ciclo do Ensino Básico.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to produce centile curves of Motor Coordination and the distribution of their values in Azorean children aged 6 to 11 years according to age and sex. Methodology: Sample size comprises 2359 girls and 2365 boys of the Autonomous Region of the Azores; they were evaluated with the KTK battery, which includes four tests: backward balance, jumping sideways, hopping on one leg and shifting platforms. Basic descriptive statistics were calculated on SPSS 15. We used LMS software version 1.32 compute centile using maximum likelihood, and Excell to construct the centile curves. Results: Both sexes showed visible increase in performance not only in mean values but also in extreme performance, described by such percentiles as P3, P10, P90 or P97. Conclusions: Motor Coordination performance percentile values may be used to portray individual profiles and to interpret their meaning according to what is expected for a given age and scholar level. Hence the contribution of this study in terms of teaching purposes for Physical Education in primary schools.

Este estudo pretende apresentar, de modo didáctico, a utilização da modelação hierárquica ou multinível na análise e interpretação do desempenho motor de crianças e jovens a partir da prova da corrida-marcha da milha. As diferentes etapas da modelação são mencionadas, analisando o comportamento dos resultados a partir dos output´s do software utilizado, o HLM 6.02. Cada etapa da análise é devidamente esclarecida e mencionada a sua relevância em termos interpretativos dos resultados.

The aim of this study is to present, didactically, the use of hierarchical or multilevel modelling in analysing and interpreting children´s motor performance, namely the one mile run-walk. We mention briefly the steps of modelling, analysing the results from the output of the software used, HLM 6.02. Each step is duly explained, and presented its relevance in interpretative terms.

Objectives: To document the prevalence of overweight and obesity, as well as to determine the influence of socioeconomic status and physical activity levels in body mass index (BMI) of school students aged 6 to 11 years. Material and methods: Be evaluated 4191 children of seven educational institutions of East Lima. Overweight and obesity were assessed by BMI, physical activity levels were evaluated from a questionnaire developed by Godin and Shephard, and for the characterization of socioeconomic status (SES) we used as criteria the school where subjects study. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 22% and 7%, respectively, 32,9% of children were considered as little active. The students of higher SES have a great risk of developing overweight (OR: 3,9; 95CI: 3,1- 4,9) or obesity (OR: 11,5; CI95: 7,3-18,2) adjusted to age, sex and physical activity level. No significant association was found between physical activity levels and overweight or obesity. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found reinforce the world concern with infantile obesity and its consequences in the future. The most influential factors of overweight and obesity were SES, age and sex. Physical activity doesn’t present any significant association.

Objetivos: Documentar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de 6 a 11 años de edad, y determinar la influencia del nivel socioeconómico y de la actividad física sobre ellos. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 4191 niños de siete instituciones educativas de Lima Este. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron determinados a través del índice de masa corporal, los niveles de actividad física fueron evaluados a partir del cuestionario de Godin y Shephard y la caracterización del nivel socioeconómico (NSE) fue según la escuela donde cursaban estudios. Resultados: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 22 y 7% respectivamente, 32,9% de los escolares fueron considerados como poco activos. Los escolares de NSE alto tienen mayor riesgo de presentar sobrepeso (OR: 3,9; IC95%: 3,1- 4,9) o ser obesos (OR: 11,5; IC95%: 7,3-18,2) independientemente de la edad, sexo y nivel de actividad física. No se encontró asociación entre los niveles de actividad física y el sobrepeso u obesidad. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad que se encontró refuerza la preocupación mundial con la obesidad infantil y sus consecuencias en el futuro. Los factores más influyentes para el sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron el NSE, edad y sexo. La actividad física no presenta ninguna asociación significativa.